{
  "@context": "https://schema.org/",
  "@type": "Dataset",
  "name": "US State Electricity Rates & Solar Payback Dataset 2026 (EIA)",
  "description": "All 50 US states residential electricity rates (cents/kWh), average monthly electric bills, peak sun hours, solar installation cost per watt, and payback period benchmarks from EIA and NREL.",
  "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "creator": {
    "@type": "Organization",
    "name": "JouleIO",
    "url": "https://jouleio.com"
  },
  "datePublished": "2026-04-26",
  "version": "2026.10.18",
  "variableMeasured": [
    "electricityRate",
    "avgMonthlyBill",
    "sunHours",
    "costPerWatt",
    "paybackYears"
  ],
  "records": 51,
  "data": [
    {
      "slug": "alabama",
      "name": "Alabama",
      "abbreviation": "AL",
      "sunHours": 4.7,
      "rate": 0.1387,
      "systemCost": 15120,
      "incentives": "No state tax credit. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025. TVA Green Power Providers program available.",
      "netMetering": false,
      "netMeteringType": "none",
      "solarPenetration": 0.3,
      "paybackYears": 14,
      "annualSavings": 1180,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "mississippi",
        "tennessee",
        "georgia",
        "florida"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Birmingham",
        "Huntsville",
        "Mobile",
        "Montgomery",
        "Tuscaloosa"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "alaska",
      "name": "Alaska",
      "abbreviation": "AK",
      "sunHours": 3,
      "rate": 0.2365,
      "systemCost": 16800,
      "incentives": "No state incentives. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025. Some utility rebates available.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 0.1,
      "paybackYears": 16,
      "annualSavings": 1040,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "washington",
        "hawaii"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Anchorage",
        "Fairbanks",
        "Juneau",
        "Sitka",
        "Wasilla"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "arizona",
      "name": "Arizona",
      "abbreviation": "AZ",
      "sunHours": 6.5,
      "rate": 0.1305,
      "systemCost": 13440,
      "incentives": "25% state tax credit (up to $1,000). Residential Arizona Solar Tax Exemption. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "avoided cost",
      "solarPenetration": 8.2,
      "paybackYears": 8,
      "annualSavings": 1650,
      "bestForSolar": true,
      "neighborStates": [
        "california",
        "nevada",
        "utah",
        "new-mexico",
        "colorado"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Phoenix",
        "Tucson",
        "Mesa",
        "Scottsdale",
        "Tempe"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "arkansas",
      "name": "Arkansas",
      "abbreviation": "AR",
      "sunHours": 4.7,
      "rate": 0.1167,
      "systemCost": 14280,
      "incentives": "Net metering available. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025. No state tax credit.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 0.4,
      "paybackYears": 14,
      "annualSavings": 1020,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "missouri",
        "tennessee",
        "mississippi",
        "louisiana",
        "texas",
        "oklahoma"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Little Rock",
        "Fort Smith",
        "Fayetteville",
        "Springdale",
        "Jonesboro"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "california",
      "name": "California",
      "abbreviation": "CA",
      "sunHours": 5.8,
      "rate": 0.3115,
      "systemCost": 15960,
      "incentives": "Net Billing Tariff (NEM 3.0). Self-Generation Incentive Program (SGIP) for batteries. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "avoided cost",
      "solarPenetration": 14.5,
      "paybackYears": 6,
      "annualSavings": 2650,
      "bestForSolar": true,
      "neighborStates": [
        "oregon",
        "nevada",
        "arizona"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Los Angeles",
        "San Diego",
        "San Jose",
        "San Francisco",
        "Sacramento"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "colorado",
      "name": "Colorado",
      "abbreviation": "CO",
      "sunHours": 5.5,
      "rate": 0.1463,
      "systemCost": 15120,
      "incentives": "Sales tax exemption on solar equipment. Property tax exemption. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 4.1,
      "paybackYears": 10,
      "annualSavings": 1480,
      "bestForSolar": true,
      "neighborStates": [
        "wyoming",
        "nebraska",
        "kansas",
        "oklahoma",
        "new-mexico",
        "utah",
        "arizona"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Denver",
        "Colorado Springs",
        "Aurora",
        "Fort Collins",
        "Boulder"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "connecticut",
      "name": "Connecticut",
      "abbreviation": "CT",
      "sunHours": 4,
      "rate": 0.2977,
      "systemCost": 16800,
      "incentives": "Residential Solar Investment Program (RSIP). Sales tax exemption. Property tax exemption. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 4.8,
      "paybackYears": 7,
      "annualSavings": 2350,
      "bestForSolar": true,
      "neighborStates": [
        "new-york",
        "massachusetts",
        "rhode-island"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Bridgeport",
        "New Haven",
        "Hartford",
        "Stamford",
        "Waterbury"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "delaware",
      "name": "Delaware",
      "abbreviation": "DE",
      "sunHours": 4.2,
      "rate": 0.1492,
      "systemCost": 14280,
      "incentives": "Green Energy Program grant ($700/kW up to $3,500). No sales tax. SRECs available. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 2.1,
      "paybackYears": 10,
      "annualSavings": 1280,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "maryland",
        "pennsylvania",
        "new-jersey"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Wilmington",
        "Dover",
        "Newark",
        "Middletown",
        "Bear"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "district-of-columbia",
      "name": "District of Columbia",
      "abbreviation": "DC",
      "sunHours": 4.2,
      "rate": 0.1584,
      "systemCost": 16380,
      "incentives": "SREC program (among highest value in US, ~$300+/SREC). Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025. Property tax exemption.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 3.5,
      "paybackYears": 5,
      "annualSavings": 3200,
      "bestForSolar": true,
      "neighborStates": [
        "maryland",
        "virginia"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Washington DC",
        "Georgetown",
        "Capitol Hill",
        "Dupont Circle",
        "Adams Morgan"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "florida",
      "name": "Florida",
      "abbreviation": "FL",
      "sunHours": 5.5,
      "rate": 0.1417,
      "systemCost": 13020,
      "incentives": "Property tax exemption for solar. Sales tax exemption. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025. No state income tax.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 5.8,
      "paybackYears": 9,
      "annualSavings": 1520,
      "bestForSolar": true,
      "neighborStates": [
        "georgia",
        "alabama"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Jacksonville",
        "Miami",
        "Tampa",
        "Orlando",
        "St. Petersburg"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "georgia",
      "name": "Georgia",
      "abbreviation": "GA",
      "sunHours": 5,
      "rate": 0.1365,
      "systemCost": 14700,
      "incentives": "No state tax credit. Georgia Power solar buyback program. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": false,
      "netMeteringType": "none",
      "solarPenetration": 2.5,
      "paybackYears": 12,
      "annualSavings": 1260,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "florida",
        "alabama",
        "tennessee",
        "north-carolina",
        "south-carolina"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Atlanta",
        "Augusta",
        "Columbus",
        "Savannah",
        "Athens"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "hawaii",
      "name": "Hawaii",
      "abbreviation": "HI",
      "sunHours": 5.5,
      "rate": 0.4453,
      "systemCost": 17640,
      "incentives": "35% state tax credit (up to $5,000). Net metering with export credit. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "avoided cost",
      "solarPenetration": 18.7,
      "paybackYears": 4,
      "annualSavings": 3800,
      "bestForSolar": true,
      "neighborStates": [
        "alaska",
        "california"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Honolulu",
        "Pearl City",
        "Hilo",
        "Kailua",
        "Waipahu"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "idaho",
      "name": "Idaho",
      "abbreviation": "ID",
      "sunHours": 4.7,
      "rate": 0.1089,
      "systemCost": 14280,
      "incentives": "Sales tax rebate for solar (partial). Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025. Some utility rebates.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "avoided cost",
      "solarPenetration": 0.8,
      "paybackYears": 14,
      "annualSavings": 980,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "montana",
        "wyoming",
        "utah",
        "nevada",
        "oregon",
        "washington"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Boise",
        "Meridian",
        "Nampa",
        "Idaho Falls",
        "Pocatello"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "illinois",
      "name": "Illinois",
      "abbreviation": "IL",
      "sunHours": 4.2,
      "rate": 0.1574,
      "systemCost": 15540,
      "incentives": "Adjustable Block Program (solar incentives). SRECs (~$70-80 each). Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025. Property tax exemption.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 1.5,
      "paybackYears": 9,
      "annualSavings": 1650,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "wisconsin",
        "iowa",
        "missouri",
        "indiana",
        "kentucky"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Chicago",
        "Aurora",
        "Naperville",
        "Rockford",
        "Springfield"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "indiana",
      "name": "Indiana",
      "abbreviation": "IN",
      "sunHours": 4.2,
      "rate": 0.1439,
      "systemCost": 15120,
      "incentives": "Net metering (grandfathered). Sales tax exemption. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "avoided cost",
      "solarPenetration": 0.9,
      "paybackYears": 13,
      "annualSavings": 1120,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "michigan",
        "ohio",
        "kentucky",
        "illinois"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Indianapolis",
        "Fort Wayne",
        "Evansville",
        "South Bend",
        "Carmel"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "iowa",
      "name": "Iowa",
      "abbreviation": "IA",
      "sunHours": 4.3,
      "rate": 0.1402,
      "systemCost": 14700,
      "incentives": "15% state tax credit (up to $5,000). Property tax exemption (5 years). Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 0.6,
      "paybackYears": 11,
      "annualSavings": 1280,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "minnesota",
        "wisconsin",
        "illinois",
        "missouri",
        "nebraska",
        "south-dakota"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Des Moines",
        "Cedar Rapids",
        "Davenport",
        "Sioux City",
        "Iowa City"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "kansas",
      "name": "Kansas",
      "abbreviation": "KS",
      "sunHours": 5,
      "rate": 0.1374,
      "systemCost": 14280,
      "incentives": "Property tax exemption. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025. Some utility rebates.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 0.3,
      "paybackYears": 12,
      "annualSavings": 1180,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "nebraska",
        "missouri",
        "oklahoma",
        "colorado"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Wichita",
        "Overland Park",
        "Kansas City",
        "Olathe",
        "Topeka"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "kentucky",
      "name": "Kentucky",
      "abbreviation": "KY",
      "sunHours": 4.2,
      "rate": 0.1238,
      "systemCost": 14280,
      "incentives": "No state incentives. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025. Sales tax applies to solar.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "avoided cost",
      "solarPenetration": 0.2,
      "paybackYears": 15,
      "annualSavings": 960,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "indiana",
        "ohio",
        "west-virginia",
        "virginia",
        "tennessee",
        "missouri",
        "illinois"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Louisville",
        "Lexington",
        "Bowling Green",
        "Owensboro",
        "Covington"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "louisiana",
      "name": "Louisiana",
      "abbreviation": "LA",
      "sunHours": 4.9,
      "rate": 0.1207,
      "systemCost": 15120,
      "incentives": "No current state tax credit. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025. Some utility programs.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "avoided cost",
      "solarPenetration": 0.6,
      "paybackYears": 14,
      "annualSavings": 1080,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "texas",
        "arkansas",
        "mississippi"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "New Orleans",
        "Baton Rouge",
        "Shreveport",
        "Lafayette",
        "Lake Charles"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "maine",
      "name": "Maine",
      "abbreviation": "ME",
      "sunHours": 4,
      "rate": 0.2268,
      "systemCost": 15540,
      "incentives": "Net energy billing. Property tax exemption. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 2.3,
      "paybackYears": 9,
      "annualSavings": 1720,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "new-hampshire",
        "vermont",
        "massachusetts"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Portland",
        "Lewiston",
        "Bangor",
        "South Portland",
        "Auburn"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "maryland",
      "name": "Maryland",
      "abbreviation": "MD",
      "sunHours": 4.3,
      "rate": 0.1596,
      "systemCost": 15120,
      "incentives": "SREC program (~$60/SREC). Property tax exemption. Sales tax exemption. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 3.8,
      "paybackYears": 8,
      "annualSavings": 1850,
      "bestForSolar": true,
      "neighborStates": [
        "pennsylvania",
        "delaware",
        "virginia",
        "west-virginia",
        "district-of-columbia"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Baltimore",
        "Columbia",
        "Germantown",
        "Silver Spring",
        "Waldorf"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "massachusetts",
      "name": "Massachusetts",
      "abbreviation": "MA",
      "sunHours": 4,
      "rate": 0.2846,
      "systemCost": 16380,
      "incentives": "SMART program (performance-based incentive). SRECs. State tax credit ($1,000). Sales tax exemption. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 7.2,
      "paybackYears": 6,
      "annualSavings": 2680,
      "bestForSolar": true,
      "neighborStates": [
        "connecticut",
        "rhode-island",
        "new-hampshire",
        "vermont",
        "new-york"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Boston",
        "Worcester",
        "Springfield",
        "Cambridge",
        "Lowell"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "michigan",
      "name": "Michigan",
      "abbreviation": "MI",
      "sunHours": 3.8,
      "rate": 0.1835,
      "systemCost": 15540,
      "incentives": "Net metering available. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025. Some utility rebates.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 0.5,
      "paybackYears": 12,
      "annualSavings": 1280,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "ohio",
        "indiana",
        "wisconsin"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Detroit",
        "Grand Rapids",
        "Warren",
        "Sterling Heights",
        "Ann Arbor"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "minnesota",
      "name": "Minnesota",
      "abbreviation": "MN",
      "sunHours": 4.1,
      "rate": 0.1454,
      "systemCost": 15540,
      "incentives": "Solar*Rewards community solar. Xcel Energy rebates. Made in Minnesota solar incentive. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 1.2,
      "paybackYears": 12,
      "annualSavings": 1240,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "wisconsin",
        "iowa",
        "south-dakota",
        "north-dakota"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Minneapolis",
        "St. Paul",
        "Rochester",
        "Bloomington",
        "Duluth"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "mississippi",
      "name": "Mississippi",
      "abbreviation": "MS",
      "sunHours": 4.8,
      "rate": 0.1251,
      "systemCost": 15120,
      "incentives": "No state incentives. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025. Net metering limited.",
      "netMetering": false,
      "netMeteringType": "none",
      "solarPenetration": 0.2,
      "paybackYears": 15,
      "annualSavings": 980,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "alabama",
        "tennessee",
        "arkansas",
        "louisiana"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Jackson",
        "Gulfport",
        "Southaven",
        "Hattiesburg",
        "Biloxi"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "missouri",
      "name": "Missouri",
      "abbreviation": "MO",
      "sunHours": 4.5,
      "rate": 0.1306,
      "systemCost": 14700,
      "incentives": "Property tax exemption. Some utility rebates. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 0.6,
      "paybackYears": 13,
      "annualSavings": 1100,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "iowa",
        "illinois",
        "kentucky",
        "tennessee",
        "arkansas",
        "oklahoma",
        "kansas",
        "nebraska"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Kansas City",
        "St. Louis",
        "Springfield",
        "Columbia",
        "Independence"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "montana",
      "name": "Montana",
      "abbreviation": "MT",
      "sunHours": 4.5,
      "rate": 0.1256,
      "systemCost": 14700,
      "incentives": "Alternative Energy Tax Credit (up to $1,000). Property tax exemption. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 0.5,
      "paybackYears": 13,
      "annualSavings": 1060,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "north-dakota",
        "south-dakota",
        "wyoming",
        "idaho"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Billings",
        "Missoula",
        "Great Falls",
        "Bozeman",
        "Helena"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "nebraska",
      "name": "Nebraska",
      "abbreviation": "NE",
      "sunHours": 4.8,
      "rate": 0.1218,
      "systemCost": 14700,
      "incentives": "Net metering available. Property tax exemption. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 0.3,
      "paybackYears": 14,
      "annualSavings": 1060,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "south-dakota",
        "iowa",
        "missouri",
        "kansas",
        "colorado",
        "wyoming"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Omaha",
        "Lincoln",
        "Bellevue",
        "Grand Island",
        "Kearney"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "nevada",
      "name": "Nevada",
      "abbreviation": "NV",
      "sunHours": 6.2,
      "rate": 0.1347,
      "systemCost": 13020,
      "incentives": "Sales tax abatement (partial). Property tax exemption (partial). Net metering. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "avoided cost",
      "solarPenetration": 9.1,
      "paybackYears": 8,
      "annualSavings": 1580,
      "bestForSolar": true,
      "neighborStates": [
        "california",
        "oregon",
        "idaho",
        "utah",
        "arizona"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Las Vegas",
        "Henderson",
        "Reno",
        "North Las Vegas",
        "Sparks"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "new-hampshire",
      "name": "New Hampshire",
      "abbreviation": "NH",
      "sunHours": 4,
      "rate": 0.2457,
      "systemCost": 16380,
      "incentives": "Rebate program ($0.20/W, up to $1,000). Property tax exemption. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 2,
      "paybackYears": 9,
      "annualSavings": 1850,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "maine",
        "vermont",
        "massachusetts"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Manchester",
        "Nashua",
        "Concord",
        "Derry",
        "Rochester"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "new-jersey",
      "name": "New Jersey",
      "abbreviation": "NJ",
      "sunHours": 4.2,
      "rate": 0.1875,
      "systemCost": 14700,
      "incentives": "TRECs/SRECs (Transition Renewable Energy Certificates). Sales tax exemption. Property tax exemption. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 6.5,
      "paybackYears": 6,
      "annualSavings": 2420,
      "bestForSolar": true,
      "neighborStates": [
        "new-york",
        "pennsylvania",
        "delaware"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Newark",
        "Jersey City",
        "Paterson",
        "Elizabeth",
        "Trenton"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "new-mexico",
      "name": "New Mexico",
      "abbreviation": "NM",
      "sunHours": 6.2,
      "rate": 0.1392,
      "systemCost": 14280,
      "incentives": "10% state tax credit (up to $6,000). Sustainable building tax credit. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 3.8,
      "paybackYears": 8,
      "annualSavings": 1620,
      "bestForSolar": true,
      "neighborStates": [
        "colorado",
        "oklahoma",
        "texas",
        "arizona",
        "utah"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Albuquerque",
        "Las Cruces",
        "Rio Rancho",
        "Santa Fe",
        "Roswell"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "new-york",
      "name": "New York",
      "abbreviation": "NY",
      "sunHours": 3.8,
      "rate": 0.2274,
      "systemCost": 16380,
      "incentives": "NY-Sun initiative ($0.20-0.40/W). State tax credit (25%, up to $5,000). Sales tax exemption. Property tax exemption. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 3.2,
      "paybackYears": 7,
      "annualSavings": 2350,
      "bestForSolar": true,
      "neighborStates": [
        "new-jersey",
        "pennsylvania",
        "connecticut",
        "massachusetts",
        "vermont"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "New York City",
        "Buffalo",
        "Rochester",
        "Yonkers",
        "Syracuse"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "north-carolina",
      "name": "North Carolina",
      "abbreviation": "NC",
      "sunHours": 5,
      "rate": 0.1261,
      "systemCost": 13440,
      "incentives": "Duke Energy rebates. Property tax exemption. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 5.5,
      "paybackYears": 10,
      "annualSavings": 1320,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "virginia",
        "south-carolina",
        "georgia",
        "tennessee"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Charlotte",
        "Raleigh",
        "Greensboro",
        "Durham",
        "Winston-Salem"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "north-dakota",
      "name": "North Dakota",
      "abbreviation": "ND",
      "sunHours": 4.5,
      "rate": 0.1168,
      "systemCost": 14700,
      "incentives": "No state incentives. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 0.1,
      "paybackYears": 15,
      "annualSavings": 960,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "minnesota",
        "south-dakota",
        "montana"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Fargo",
        "Bismarck",
        "Grand Forks",
        "Minot",
        "West Fargo"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "ohio",
      "name": "Ohio",
      "abbreviation": "OH",
      "sunHours": 3.9,
      "rate": 0.1434,
      "systemCost": 14700,
      "incentives": "Net metering available. Some utility rebates. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 0.6,
      "paybackYears": 13,
      "annualSavings": 1100,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "michigan",
        "pennsylvania",
        "west-virginia",
        "kentucky",
        "indiana"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Columbus",
        "Cleveland",
        "Cincinnati",
        "Toledo",
        "Akron"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "oklahoma",
      "name": "Oklahoma",
      "abbreviation": "OK",
      "sunHours": 5.2,
      "rate": 0.1173,
      "systemCost": 14280,
      "incentives": "No state incentives. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025. Net metering available.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "avoided cost",
      "solarPenetration": 0.3,
      "paybackYears": 13,
      "annualSavings": 1080,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "kansas",
        "missouri",
        "arkansas",
        "texas",
        "new-mexico",
        "colorado"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Oklahoma City",
        "Tulsa",
        "Norman",
        "Broken Arrow",
        "Edmond"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "oregon",
      "name": "Oregon",
      "abbreviation": "OR",
      "sunHours": 3.8,
      "rate": 0.1265,
      "systemCost": 14700,
      "incentives": "Oregon Solar + Storage Rebate Program ($0.40-0.90/W). Energy Trust of Oregon incentives. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 1.5,
      "paybackYears": 11,
      "annualSavings": 1240,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "washington",
        "california",
        "nevada",
        "idaho"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Portland",
        "Salem",
        "Eugene",
        "Gresham",
        "Hillsboro"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "pennsylvania",
      "name": "Pennsylvania",
      "abbreviation": "PA",
      "sunHours": 3.9,
      "rate": 0.1689,
      "systemCost": 15540,
      "incentives": "SREC program (~$30-40/SREC). Net metering. Some utility rebates. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 1.2,
      "paybackYears": 11,
      "annualSavings": 1380,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "new-york",
        "new-jersey",
        "delaware",
        "maryland",
        "west-virginia",
        "ohio"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Philadelphia",
        "Pittsburgh",
        "Allentown",
        "Erie",
        "Reading"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "rhode-island",
      "name": "Rhode Island",
      "abbreviation": "RI",
      "sunHours": 4,
      "rate": 0.2725,
      "systemCost": 16380,
      "incentives": "Renewable Energy Fund grants ($0.85/W). Net metering. REGrowth (large). Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 4.2,
      "paybackYears": 7,
      "annualSavings": 2350,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "massachusetts",
        "connecticut"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Providence",
        "Warwick",
        "Cranston",
        "Pawtucket",
        "East Providence"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "south-carolina",
      "name": "South Carolina",
      "abbreviation": "SC",
      "sunHours": 5,
      "rate": 0.1381,
      "systemCost": 14280,
      "incentives": "25% state tax credit (up to $3,500). Net metering. Property tax exemption. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 2.8,
      "paybackYears": 9,
      "annualSavings": 1420,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "north-carolina",
        "georgia"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Charleston",
        "Columbia",
        "North Charleston",
        "Mount Pleasant",
        "Rock Hill"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "south-dakota",
      "name": "South Dakota",
      "abbreviation": "SD",
      "sunHours": 4.7,
      "rate": 0.1278,
      "systemCost": 14700,
      "incentives": "No state incentives. No state income tax. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 0.2,
      "paybackYears": 14,
      "annualSavings": 1020,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "north-dakota",
        "minnesota",
        "iowa",
        "nebraska",
        "wyoming",
        "montana"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Sioux Falls",
        "Rapid City",
        "Aberdeen",
        "Brookings",
        "Watertown"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "tennessee",
      "name": "Tennessee",
      "abbreviation": "TN",
      "sunHours": 4.5,
      "rate": 0.1213,
      "systemCost": 14700,
      "incentives": "TVA Green Power Providers program. No state tax credit. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": false,
      "netMeteringType": "none",
      "solarPenetration": 0.6,
      "paybackYears": 14,
      "annualSavings": 1020,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "kentucky",
        "virginia",
        "north-carolina",
        "georgia",
        "alabama",
        "mississippi",
        "arkansas",
        "missouri"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Nashville",
        "Memphis",
        "Knoxville",
        "Chattanooga",
        "Clarksville"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "texas",
      "name": "Texas",
      "abbreviation": "TX",
      "sunHours": 5.5,
      "rate": 0.1388,
      "systemCost": 13440,
      "incentives": "Property tax exemption. Some utility rebates (Austin Energy, CPS Energy). Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025. No state income tax.",
      "netMetering": false,
      "netMeteringType": "varies by utility",
      "solarPenetration": 3.5,
      "paybackYears": 9,
      "annualSavings": 1480,
      "bestForSolar": true,
      "neighborStates": [
        "new-mexico",
        "oklahoma",
        "arkansas",
        "louisiana"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Houston",
        "San Antonio",
        "Dallas",
        "Austin",
        "Fort Worth"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "utah",
      "name": "Utah",
      "abbreviation": "UT",
      "sunHours": 5.5,
      "rate": 0.1187,
      "systemCost": 13440,
      "incentives": "Net metering. Property tax exemption. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "avoided cost",
      "solarPenetration": 2.8,
      "paybackYears": 12,
      "annualSavings": 1180,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "idaho",
        "wyoming",
        "colorado",
        "new-mexico",
        "arizona",
        "nevada"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Salt Lake City",
        "West Valley City",
        "Provo",
        "West Jordan",
        "Orem"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "vermont",
      "name": "Vermont",
      "abbreviation": "VT",
      "sunHours": 3.8,
      "rate": 0.2145,
      "systemCost": 16380,
      "incentives": "Net metering. Sales tax exemption. Property tax exemption. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 5.5,
      "paybackYears": 9,
      "annualSavings": 1680,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "new-york",
        "new-hampshire",
        "massachusetts"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Burlington",
        "Essex",
        "South Burlington",
        "Rutland",
        "Colchester"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "virginia",
      "name": "Virginia",
      "abbreviation": "VA",
      "sunHours": 4.5,
      "rate": 0.1375,
      "systemCost": 14700,
      "incentives": "Net metering. Property tax exemption. SRECs available. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 1.8,
      "paybackYears": 11,
      "annualSavings": 1280,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "maryland",
        "district-of-columbia",
        "west-virginia",
        "kentucky",
        "tennessee",
        "north-carolina"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Virginia Beach",
        "Norfolk",
        "Chesapeake",
        "Richmond",
        "Newport News"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "washington",
      "name": "Washington",
      "abbreviation": "WA",
      "sunHours": 3.5,
      "rate": 0.1134,
      "systemCost": 14700,
      "incentives": "Sales tax exemption. Net metering. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 0.8,
      "paybackYears": 15,
      "annualSavings": 920,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "oregon",
        "idaho"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Seattle",
        "Spokane",
        "Tacoma",
        "Vancouver",
        "Bellevue"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "west-virginia",
      "name": "West Virginia",
      "abbreviation": "WV",
      "sunHours": 4,
      "rate": 0.1278,
      "systemCost": 14700,
      "incentives": "Net metering available. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025. No state incentives.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 0.2,
      "paybackYears": 14,
      "annualSavings": 980,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "ohio",
        "pennsylvania",
        "maryland",
        "virginia",
        "kentucky"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Charleston",
        "Huntington",
        "Morgantown",
        "Parkersburg",
        "Wheeling"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "wisconsin",
      "name": "Wisconsin",
      "abbreviation": "WI",
      "sunHours": 4,
      "rate": 0.1617,
      "systemCost": 15540,
      "incentives": "Focus on Energy rebates ($500-1,000). Net metering. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 0.6,
      "paybackYears": 12,
      "annualSavings": 1220,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "minnesota",
        "iowa",
        "illinois",
        "michigan"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Milwaukee",
        "Madison",
        "Green Bay",
        "Kenosha",
        "Racine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "slug": "wyoming",
      "name": "Wyoming",
      "abbreviation": "WY",
      "sunHours": 5.2,
      "rate": 0.1156,
      "systemCost": 14700,
      "incentives": "Net metering available. No state income tax. Federal residential solar credit ended for 2026 homeowner-owned systems placed in service after Dec. 31, 2025.",
      "netMetering": true,
      "netMeteringType": "full retail",
      "solarPenetration": 0.1,
      "paybackYears": 14,
      "annualSavings": 1020,
      "bestForSolar": false,
      "neighborStates": [
        "montana",
        "south-dakota",
        "nebraska",
        "colorado",
        "utah",
        "idaho"
      ],
      "topCities": [
        "Cheyenne",
        "Casper",
        "Laramie",
        "Gillette",
        "Rock Springs"
      ]
    }
  ]
}